Bill Crowell moved from serving as deputy director of the NSA into venture investing, backing security and intelligence-focused companies like ArcSight, Narus, SafeNet, Broadware, Fixmo, AirPatrol, and Six3, and he co-authored a book on combining physical and digital security systems. He has also served on the board of the Open Source Election Technology Institute and written about rebuilding election systems with security built in from the start, reflecting a long-standing focus on designing systems for defense rather than adding protection later.